what are the five water quality parameters?..(physical condition of water)

Here are the notes on Water Quality Management for Freshwater Aquaculture:

       *Physical Conditions of Water*

1. Temperature

    - Important for metabolic rate, spawning, and feeding

    - Affected by climate, sunlight, and depth

    - Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations

    - Optimum range: 26-32°C for Indian major carps

2. Depth

    - Affects temperature, circulation, and photosynthesis

    - Ideal depth: 1-2m

3. Turbidity

    - Caused by suspended particles or plankton

    - Harmful turbidity: silt, clay; beneficial turbidity: plankton

    - Control measures: hydrated lime, filter alum

4. Light

    - Essential for primary production

    - Affected by intensity, turbidity, and shade

*Chemical Conditions of Water*

1. pH

    - Measure of acidity/alkalinity

    - Ideal range: 6.5-8.5

2.Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

    - Essential for fish respiration

    - Affected by temperature, turbulence, and organic matter

3.Ammonia

    - Toxic to fish

    - Monitoring necessary in closed systems

4.Hardness and Alkalinity

    - Measure of water's capacity to buffer pH changes

    - Important for fish health and growth

*Fish Tolerance to Water Quality Parameters*

1. Temperature tolerance: varies among species (e.g., tilapia, grass carp)

2. pH tolerance: ideal range 6.5-8.5

3. DO tolerance: varies among species